Saturday, August 2, 2008

Financing scheme (CLNs)



Credit-linked notes (CLNs) are typically issued by dealers or by special-purpose companies (or special-purpose vehicles, SPVs) domiciled in an offshore location. Some dealers have a medium term note (MTN) issuance programme under which they can issue notes in their name, which are linked to reference entities to which investors want to take risk.

For example, an investor might want to take $10 million of exposure to Hilton Hotels in a maturity or currency for which there are no outstanding Hilton bonds. A dealer with an MTN programme could issue a $10 million note in its own name, with Hilton being the primary credit risk of the instrument. The investor would pay the dealer $10 million on the trade date to buy the note, whose proceeds the dealer puts into its own deposit. The dealer issues a note which embeds a credit default swap in which the dealer buys $10 million of Hilton protection from the investor. The note coupon would consist of the interest earned from the deposit (typically Libor) plus the spread of the credit default swap, and would be paid to the investor quarterly.

If there is no default, the credit default swap and deposit terminate on the maturity of the note, and the proceeds from the redemption of the deposit are paid back to the investor. If Hilton experiences a credit event, the deposit is unwound and its proceeds used to pay the dealer the par amount. The dealer then pays the investor the recovery amount in the case of a cash settled CLN or delivers deliverable obligations in the case of a physically settled CLN. Credit-linked notes are also often issued by SPVs. SPVs are set up by dealers to issue numerous different credit-linked notes. However, the notes are documented so that each investor’s risk exposure is completely segregated.

Applying the example above to an SPV-issued CLN, the dealer arranges for its Cayman Island’s vehicle XYZ Finance Limited, to issue $10 million of notes. The investor buys the note from the SPV and the proceeds are invested in low-risk collateral such as triple A rated Rabobank bonds. (Sometimes, the collateral takes the form of a repo agreement with the investment bank.)

XYZ Finance Limited then sells protection on a $10 million Hilton Hotels credit default swap to the dealer. The premium from the credit default swap along with the coupons from the collateral are paid to the investor quarterly. If there is no default, the credit default swap terminates and the collateral redeems on maturity, and the collateral redemption proceeds are paid back to the investor. If there is a credit event, the collateral is sold and its proceeds used to pay the dealer the par amount. The dealer either pays the investor the recovery amount or delivers deliverable obligations to the investor.

From a protection seller’s point of view, investing in a credit-linked note is like buying a bond issued by the reference entity. The investor pays the notional amount of the trade upfront, receives a regular coupon payment and receives principal back when the bond matures. In the event of default, the investor receives the recovery rate of the reference entity’s debt. Investors buy credit-linked notes for a variety of reasons. Credit-linked notes are investments customised to their maturity, currency and coupon requirements, and could match their liabilities far more closely than bonds available in the market. Some investors are not allowed to trade derivatives, so may not be able to sell protection on credit default swaps, but can buy credit-linked notes which are securities. Other investors may be able to sell protection, but prefer to buy credit-linked notes since they have cash to invest.

3 comments:

Mrs Sharon Sim said...

Hello Everybody,
My name is Mrs Sharon Sim. I live in Singapore and i am a happy woman today? and i told my self that any lender that rescue my family from our poor situation, i will refer any person that is looking for loan to him, he gave me happiness to me and my family, i was in need of a loan of $250,000.00 to start my life all over as i am a single mother with 3 kids I met this honest and GOD fearing man loan lender that help me with a loan of $250,000.00 SG. Dollar, he is a GOD fearing man, if you are in need of loan and you will pay back the loan please contact him tell him that is Mrs Sharon, that refer you to him. contact Dr Purva Pius,via email:(urgentloan22@gmail.com) Thank you.

Kelvin Bright said...

Dear Sir,

We are direct providers of Fresh Cut BG, SBLC and MTN which are specifically for lease, our bank instrument can be engage in PPP Trading, Discounting, signature project(s) such as Aviation, Agriculture, Petroleum, Telecommunication, construction of Dams, Bridges, Real Estate and all kind of projects. We do not have any broker chain in our offer or get involved in chauffeur driven offers.

We deliver with time and precision as sethforth in the agreement. Our terms and Conditions are reasonable, below is our instrument description.

The procedure is very simple; the instrument will be reserved on euro clear to be verified by your bank, after verification an arrangement will be made for necessary bank documents and stock testing expenses, the cost of the Bank Guarantee will be paid after the delivery of the MT760,
Description OF INSTRUMENTS:

1. Instrument: Bank Guarantee (BG/SBLC)
2. Total Face Value: Eur/USD 5M MIN and Eur/USD 10B MAX (Ten Billion EURO/USD).
3. Issuing Bank: HSBC Bank London, Barclay's bank London,Credit Suisse and Deutsche Bank Frankfurt.
4. Age: One Year, One Month
5. Leasing Price: 6% of Face Value plus 2% commission fees to brokers.
6. Delivery: Bank to Bank swift.
7. Payment: MT-103 or MT760
8. Hard Copy: Bonded Courier within 7 banking days.

We are ready to close leasing with any interested client in few banking days, if interested do not hesitate to contact me.


Regards,
kelvin Brigth
Email: kelvinbrigth84@gmail.com
Skype: kelvinbrigth84@gmail.com
Phone: +447546769978
+447031956543

Riya Sharma said...

I really enjoyed while reading your article and it is good to know the latest updates. Do post more. Please also read my topics about

Tax Consultant in Mumbai
International tax consulting services
Top CA Firm in Mumbai
Top Audit firms in Mumbai
Risk Management Services
Taxation Regulatory & Advisory Services